A person pursuant to § 1 (2) nos. 1-3 commits scientific misconduct if they are the co-author of a publication that contains misrepresentations within the meaning of § 3 or unjustifiably appropriated research achievements within the meaning of § 4. The misconduct of third parties pursuant to §§ 3 and 4 must have been intentional or grossly negligent, as must the person’s own co-authorship.