A person is deemed to have inadmissibly appropriated others’ research achievements if they: 

1. use research content of which they are not the sole originator without sufficient reference to the source (plagiarism),
2. use research approaches, results or ideas of which they are not the sole originator without authorisation for their own purposes or for the purposes of third parties (theft of ideas),
3. disclose research data, approaches, ideas, hypotheses or theories to third parties without authorisation, unless the subject of the disclosure has already been duly published,
4. appropriate or accept authorship or co-authorship of an academic publication without justification, even though they did not make any genuine, identifiable contribution to the research content of the publication,
5. publish research data, approaches, ideas, hypotheses or theories without authorisation, if the subject matter has not yet been published by the authorised persons or with the latter’s consent.